Animal Rights and the Ethics of Testing

Animals have been used as test subjects for medical experiments and other scientific investigations for hundreds of years. With the rise of the modern animal rights movement in the 1970s and 80s, however, many people began to question the ethics of using living creatures for such tests. Although animal testing remains commonplace today, public support for such practices has declined in recent years. Testing Regulations In the  United States, the  Animal Welfare Act  sets certain minimum requirements for the humane treatment of non-human animals in laboratories and other settings. It was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson in 1966. The law, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, sets minimum standards of care and treatment be provided for certain animals bred for commercial sale, used in research, transported commercially, or exhibited to the public. However, anti-testing advocates rightfully claim that this law has limited enforcement power. For example, the AWA explicitly excludes from protection all rats and mice, which make up approximately 95 percent of the animals used in laboratories. To address this, a number of amendments have been passed in subsequent years. In 2016, for example, the Toxic Substances Control Act included language that encouraged the use of non-animal alternative testing methodologies. The AWA also requires institutions that perform vivisection to establish committees that are supposed to oversee and approve the use of animals, making sure that non-animal alternatives are considered. Activists counter that many of these oversight panels are ineffective or biased in favor of animal experiments. Furthermore, the AWA does not prohibit invasive procedures or the killing of the animals when the experiments are over. Estimates vary from 10 million to 100 million animals used for testing worldwide on an annual basis, but there are few sources of reliable data available. According to The Baltimore Sun, every drug test requires at least 800 animal test subjects.   The Animal Rights Movement The first law in the U.S. prohibiting the abuse of animals was enacted in 1641 in the colony of Massachusetts. It banned mistreatment of animals kept for mans use. But it wasnt until the early 1800s that people began advocating for animal rights in both the U.S. and the U.K. The first major animal welfare state-sponsored legislation in the U.S. established the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in New York in 1866. Most scholars say the modern animal rights movement began in 1975 with the publication of Animal Rights by Peter Singer, an Australian philosopher. Singer argued that animals could suffer just as humans do and therefore deserved to be treated with similar care, minimizing pain whenever possible. To treat them differently and say that experimentation on non-human animals is justified but experimentation on humans is not would be  speciesist. U.S. philosopher Tom Regan went even farther in his 1983 text The Case for Animal Rights. In it, he argued that animals were individual beings just as humans are, with emotions and intellect. In the following decades, organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and retailers such as The Body Shop have become strong anti-testing advocates. In 2013, the Nonhuman Rights Project, an animal rights legal organization, petitioned New York courts on behalf of four chimpanzees. The filings argued that the chimps had a legal right to personhood, and therefore deserved to be freed. The three cases were repeatedly rejected or thrown out in lower courts. In 2017, the NRO announced it would appeal to the New York State Court of Appeals. The Future of Animal Testing Animal rights activists frequently argue that ending vivisection would not end medical progress because non-animal research would continue. They point to recent developments in stem-cell technology, which some researchers say could one day replace animal tests. Other advocates also say  tissue cultures, epidemiological studies, and ethical human experimentation with fully informed consent could also find a place in a new medical or commercial testing environment. Resources and Further Reading Davis, Janet M. The History of Animal Protection in the United States Organization of American Historians. Nov. 2015. Funk, Cary and Raine, Lee. Opinion About the Use of Animals in Testing.  Pew Research Center. 1 Jul. 2015. United States Department of Agriculture. Animal Welfare Act. USDA.org Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing? ProCon.org. Updated 11 Oct. 2017.

Role Of Primary Attending Healthcare Provider Essay

Introduction Having a patient on life support is a mentally challenging and exhausting time for the patient’s family members. It is an even more mentally exhausting for that patients attending healthcare provider. As Advanced practice nurse step more into the role of primary attending healthcare provider, they are faced with the dilemma of how and when to wean a patient from a ventilator without causing the patient any psychological distress. Many healthcare facilities have a written protocol on specific criteria that the patient needs to meet before terminal weaning is considered. Even if these criteria are met, a family can object to the wean and prevent it from happening. There is certain thing that the advanced practice nurse must think about before considering to discontinue life support. These include, patient’s quality of life, family of the patient and their concerns, hospital protocol, and most importantly, the wishes of the patient. Case Scenario Mary is a patient in the local hospitals Intensive Care Unit. Mary has a history of end stage COPD, lung cancer and renal failure. Mary is currently on life support via a ventilator. Knowing that her life would end due to her health complications, Mary had a living will and an Advance Directive written by an attorney in case that someday she would not be able to make her healthcare wishes be known. Mary did not name a Durable Power of Attorney in her living will. Mary’s family is aware of her wishes but thinksShow MoreRelatedA Web Based Communication Method1481 Words   |  6 PagesVoice-Over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) if there is no phone line. Even though participating on a web-based (webinar) seminar entirely is a new environment for me, I decided to register for one of the very few free of charge webinar seminars that related to the healthcare organization. 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Giving each other better schedules and spaces for routine procedures that do not involve personal contact, or physically attending health institutions. Such as a physician can advise simultaneously several patients in short time, and devote their utmost to users of greater complexity. The technological innovation capabilities of telemedicine have created a demand for servicesRead MoreEffects Of Patient Education On Non Compliant Patients With Chronic Illnesses1246 Words   |  5 Pagescomply. In this instance, it is used to reference a â€Å"patient who elicits through their behavior— the inability of taking medication, following a diet, executing lifestyle changes—or not corresponding with agreed recommendations from a health care provider† (McIntyre, 2016). 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Global Economic Analysis Foreign Exchange

Question: Describe about the Global Economic Analysis Foreign Exchange? Answer: Article: Venezuela Revises Foreign Exchange Rules On last Tuesday, Venezuela has revealed that they are going to establish a new market in relation to foreign exchange, which will run via demand and supply. But experts said that it may not ease the economic crisis. The currency of Bolivar was devaluated which is implied by this change. This currency system may be quite complicated; it also includes three different exchange rates. The new currency market is known as the Marginal Foreign Exchange System. It allow general people and companies to easily purchase and sell dollars, until these access to dollars for companies and general peoples has been strictly rationed. After introducing this new market, the government of Venezuela said that it will help to keep the three tiered currency system in the same manner, which will include a 6.3 fixed rate and this will be used for most of the transactions. It suggests that the concern government dont have required amount of money under its arms for supplying to the new market (Twomey, 2012). The currency control will remain in place. Like the previous one, this currency control system has three rates too. In case of importing critical articles, like food, medicine etc, 70% of the government transaction shall be used. Sicad is a kind of exchange rate in Venezuela, it includes combination of two existing system of dollar purchase and sale into one platform, which begins with @ 12/dollar. For luxury goods there will be another kind of rate of exchange. Earlier to this the currency was trading @ 186 per Dollar. The new currency system gives impact depending upon the volume of the trade and its flexibility. The establishment of a market based currency exchange system may lead to a devaluation of the fixed rates, at least for quite a few times (Norris, Gaskill and Bell, 2010). That will facilitate many foreign companies conducting their business in Venezuela. Foreign companies have investments at around $11 Billions. This system may lead a large accounting write down. Venezue las economy has affected in a large manner by recession, the inflation rate was 68%, highest in the world. This suggests that they do not want to establish well economic phenomena. The government says that the new currency market will help a lot to develop the present economic condition of the nation. Venezuela economy affected most in the world by recession and its inflation rate was also very high. The new plan will change the figures for Venezuelas government. The new plan of the government is to establish an exchange market where from any person can buy or sell foreign currencies specially US Dollars. For foreign organizations working in that country will have some upper hand as they will be able to purchase and sell dollars as per market but it may affect the economic strategies of the nation, as because dollars may be purchased when currency gap will be lesser but it will be sold when currency gap will get higher. It has some possibilities to cause damage to the economic condi tion of the country. Apart from that, this system will help out in industrialization to a good extend. Availability of foreign exchange is great beneficiary for commercial purpose. The new system will allow the trades as per market forces and it will definitely depreciate the current black marketing aspects in the nation. It will sharply hit the black market exchange rates. The gap between 6.3 and current black market rates may affect the plans of the government as an importer can buy it @ 6.3 bolivars while it can be sold in black market to a much higher level. In terms of gaining many fake import receipts may be emphasized. Many analysts think that approval level of 25% restricts the government to make sharper changes in the newly introduced plans, lack of political support restricted sharper adjustments. The government has taken a decision that most of its income in dollars shall be vested to buy foods, medicines and other valuable things from foreign countries and a very lesser part of the income in dollars shall be provided in the newly introduced currency market (Amodio, 2012). Economists thought that there is a free floating currency market but the government has revealed that this market shall be strictly governed by the government itself, and no entrepreneurs are going to invest in the currency market of any particular country, so the investments shall also be done by the government in a tight manner, specially to deal with the situation like recession and random inflation (Zeng, 2011). By introducing the new free floating currency market, the concern government has not set aside the three tiered rule as the investors considered this structure as the basic pillar for the economic growth of the country and they invested by taking into consideration the three tiered structure, a sudden change to the basic economic structure of the country may lead to major crisis for the economic development (Shamah, 2008). The government by introducing new economic sketch intends to ease 12 years old economic structure which has been established by let socialist leader. But in present scenario the previous structure in strict manner is not compatible to deal with a major economic crisis like recession and high speed inflation (DeRosa, 2011). Dollars is to be purchased and sold at the rate of 6.3 bolivars or 12 bolivars, in this case retailers may hold down prices for reflection of subsidies. The government revealed that a third price shall also be there which 52 bolivars is but all together this rates are going to be repealed for a better transparent system and it will depend upon the actual demand and supply. The finance minister of the country Mr. R.M Torres said that the new currency control system is totally free and this market will set the exchange rates itself, but in this segment only those bank accounts can take part, which are dollar denominated. References Amodio, E. (2012). El detestable pecado nefando.Nuevo mundo mundos nuevos. DeRosa, D. (2011).Options on foreign exchange. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Norris, J., Gaskill, A. and Bell, T. (2010).Mastering the currency market. New York: McGraw-Hill. Shamah, S. (2008).A foreign exchange primer. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. Twomey, B. (2012).Inside the currency market. Hoboken, N.J.: Bloomberg Press. Zeng, S. (2011). Foreign Exchange Reserves Demand Model Based on Chinese Government Utility Maximization and Analysis of Chinese Foreign Exchange Reserves.ME, 02(03), pp.354-370.

Jealousy, a Sign of Love or Insecurity Essay Example

Jealousy, a Sign of Love or Insecurity Paper Essay on Is Jealousy a Sign of Love or Insecurity? We have come across people who claim that jealousy made their relationships with their partners stronger. In addition to that, some people also claim that jealousy is healthy in a relationship. Most of us would assume that when a couple quarrels over something due to jealousy, they are just merely showing how much they love each other. Nearly all people equate jealousy with love however, opinions pointed out in this paper would suggest otherwise. Just the word jealousy, itself, can evoke many controversial feelings in a person. Most of us have probably felt it at one time or another in our lives. The majority of the time that we feel this emotion, we might not even be consciously aware of why we are jealous at the moment. It might feel like an automatic reaction for us; we see our beloved partner bursting out in laughter at a joke that some other potentially attractive woman or man made other than us. Suddenly, the rate of our heartbeat increases just a bit and our mind starts whirling and analyzing the situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Jealousy, a Sign of Love or Insecurity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jealousy, a Sign of Love or Insecurity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jealousy, a Sign of Love or Insecurity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We sense a fear of losing our mate to the funny person, because we think that maybe they are better than us. When that happens, we either express jealousy in the form of violence by lashing out at our partner and giving false accusations or we resort to revenge by doing something which the other one objects to. Jealousy is not at all bad. In fact, it is a healthy ingredient in a relationship if the people involved know how to handle this kind of emotion. Rational thinking and disposition helps quell out the initial negative reactions. One must first think before acting in order to not embarrass oneself. Nobody could really keep someone to himself because interaction with other people is normal and that one must accept that this is inevitable. A person should not only be concentrated to one. In relationships, it is the only exclusive intimate sharing of one’s self which makes it different from other types of relationships. Healthy relationships are built on trust and secure feelings amid situations that can incite jealousy and doubtfulness. According to Dr. Conchita Umali, dean of the Assumption Grade School and a practicing psychology, distrust is an issue for jealousy. If a partner has previously engaged in something which has caused the other to lose trust, then that maybe a possible ground for jealousy and doubtfulness. On the other hand, jealousy may also mean that a person is afraid of losing someone of great importance to him. As pointed out by Jireh Singson, a Music Production student from the De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde and my close acquiantance, although jealousy is healthy in a relationship, jealousy cannot be deemed as a form of expression of love. That is due to one’s greediness – thinking of one’s benefit since that person does not want to lose that someone because he derives something from him or her. Instead of thinking what is good for both of you, you only think about what is good for yourself and how you can benefit more from the other. Without him or her, the other does not feel as good with himself as when he was when he still had her. Therefore, to sum it all, jealousy cannot be considered as a form of expressing love because all in all, jealousy reflects a person’s insecurity toward someone who he might think is better.